INSIGHT

Penetration Testing for Electric Utility Critical Infrastructure 

Ryan Ferran, Josh Schmidt • November 12, 2025

Services: Penetration Testing Services

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Cybercriminals and nation-state actors are launching more sophisticated attacks against electric utility infrastructure than ever before. Power grids, distribution networks, and control systems that millions depend on daily have become prime targets for attackers seeking to disrupt essential services. The consequences of successful attacks extend far beyond financial losses, potentially affecting public safety, economic stability, and national security. This article will explore how penetration testing serves as a crucial defense mechanism for protecting electric utility infrastructure from evolving cyber threats 

The Unique Threat Landscape Facing Electric Utilities  

Electric utilities operate in a complex threat environment. Traditional cybersecurity approaches often fall short because utility systems blend information technology with operational technology in ways that create unique vulnerabilities. 

Power generation facilities, transmission systems, and distribution networks rely on interconnected systems that were originally designed for reliability and efficiency rather than security. Many of these systems use legacy protocols and equipment that cannot easily accommodate modern security measures. Attackers understand these weaknesses and target the interfaces between corporate networks and operational systems. 

The financial motivations behind utility attacks continue to grow. Ransomware groups view utilities as lucrative targets because operational disruptions can force quick payment decisions. Non-compliance with NERC CIP requirements can lead to fines and forced outages for generation and transmission. Furthermore, the organizational response required to move into compliance often leads to even more costly employee work efforts, time, and resources. 

Why Traditional Security Measures aren’t Sufficient 

Standard cybersecurity tools and practices that work well in typical corporate environments often prove inadequate for electric utility infrastructure. The operational technology environments that control power systems have specific requirements that conventional security solutions cannot address effectively. 

Network segmentation becomes challenging when operational systems need to communicate across different zones and with external partners. Real-time operational requirements also create constraints that don’t exist in traditional IT environments. Power systems cannot tolerate the latency that many security tools introduce, and maintenance windows for security updates are extremely limited. These factors create persistent vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. 

How Penetration Testing Addresses Utility-Specific Vulnerabilities 

Penetration testing provides electric utilities with a controlled method for identifying and addressing security weaknesses before attackers can exploit them. Unlike automated vulnerability scanners, penetration tests can safely evaluate the complex interactions between IT and operational technology systems. 

The testing process reveals vulnerabilities in network segmentation, access controls, and monitoring systems that automated tools might miss. Testers can also evaluate physical security measures at substations and control facilities, providing a comprehensive assessment of potential attack vectors. 

Regulatory Compliance and Industry Standards 

Electric utilities must comply with stringent regulatory requirements that mandate regular security assessments. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation Critical Infrastructure Protection standards require utilities to demonstrate that they’ve implemented appropriate cybersecurity measures and conducted regular testing. 

Penetration testing helps utilities meet these compliance obligations while going beyond checkbox requirements to provide genuine security improvements. Regulators increasingly expect utilities to conduct sophisticated security assessments that reflect the current threat environment.  
 
“BPM recommends performing cybersecurity assessments once every year, which if scheduled ahead of your compliance reporting window, can aid in several common processes. For example, performing a carefully orchestrated penetration test can help satisfy your electronic and physical access reviews, port/service review, training requirements, and more. This penetration test will also illuminate potential attack vectors into your OT network that have gone unnoticed despite CIP compliance.” – Ryan Ferran 

The testing documentation also serves as evidence of due diligence in the event of a security incident. Utilities that can demonstrate proactive security testing are better positioned to manage regulatory responses and maintain their operating licenses. 

Learn more about How to do penetration testing

Building Resilient Defenses Through Continuous Testing 

Effective penetration testing for electric utilities requires an ongoing approach rather than periodic assessments. Threat actors continuously develop new attack techniques, and utility systems evolve through equipment upgrades and operational changes. 

Regular testing helps utilities understand how their security posture changes over time and identifies new vulnerabilities that emerge from system modifications. The testing results inform security investments and help prioritize remediation efforts based on actual risk levels rather than theoretical concerns. 

“While absolutely necessary and beneficial to the Bulk Electric System (BES), NERC CIP compliance can cast a shadow over real-world security. CIP standards help organizations meet the baseline to operate on the BES; however, surviving an actual cyber attack requires more than baseline compliance. In my experience, the organizations that are actually in a prepared and defensive position performed several in-depth security review/remediation cycles over a few years. From the pen tests I have performed, the overlap of IT and OT is full of vulnerabilities, often neglected, erroneously out of CIP scope, and exactly where I succeed in infiltrating power companies.” – Ryan Ferran 
 
Testing also provides valuable training opportunities for utility security teams, helping them understand attacker techniques and improve their incident response capabilities. 

Working with BPM for comprehensive security assessment 

BPM brings deep understanding of both cybersecurity practices and electric utility operations to deliver penetration testing services that address your specific infrastructure needs. Our team combines technical security knowledge with practical experience in power system operations, ensuring that testing activities enhance security without disrupting critical services. 

We work closely with your operational and security teams to develop testing strategies that align with your prioritized security concerns, common gaps in security from our own experience, and regulatory requirements. Our comprehensive approach examines both cyber and physical security aspects of your infrastructure, providing actionable recommendations that strengthen your overall security posture. To discuss how our specialized penetration testing services can help protect your critical infrastructure from evolving cyber threats, contact us.